The Nature Of Friendship In Saint Augustine Confessions...

How is friendship portrayed in Saint Augustine Confessions and Njal’s Saga? To answer this question, we must refer to the nature of friendship in both texts. The depiction of friendship in both texts seem to show recognizable differences. Saint Augustine’s Confessions and Njal’s Saga both have distinct ways in portraying the nature of friendship such that in Saint Augustine’s Confessions, friendships is viewed in a negative light, compelling one to stray away from good, specifically God, whereas in Njal’s Saga, friendship is viewed as a positive tool, seeking to build one another up and improving each other’s lives. In Saint Augustine’s Confessions, Augustine’s perspective on friendship is that it is a mean to stray or turn away from good,†¦show more content†¦Basically, according to Augustine, friendships is not pure if God isnt a part of it. Alypius was a friend of Augustine’s who â€Å"had been seized by an incredible obsession for gladiatorial spectacles† (Confessions, 6:12). Alypius and Augustine were friends that were from the same town. Alypius considered him â€Å"good and cultured while Augustine was â€Å"attached to him because of solid virtue of his character† (Confessions, 6:11). However the friendship between Alypius and Augustine isn’t true friendship because God doesn’t have a part in it. At that time Alypius and Augustine aren’t Christians, they both got involved in Manichee superstition (Confessions, 6:12).Their friendship led them astray because of their belief in manichaeism. Alypius had an addiction to gladiat or games whereas Augustine’s addiction was his sexual desires. â€Å" I was not a lover of marriage but a slave to lust, I procured another woman not of course as a wife† (Confessions, 6:25). Both their sins and their disbelief in Christianity led them away from good making their friendship inadequate. The friendship of Alypius and Augustine is debatable. Someone may argue that the friendship between Augustine and Alypius was true because both men converted to Christianity. Although God wasn’t a part of their friendship at first, their conversion ultimately led them to God. â€Å"When the time came for me to give in my name for baptism, we left the country and

Masculinity in The Wife of Baths Prologue and Tale Essay

Masculinity in The Wife of Baths Prologue and Tale The Wife of Bath, with the energy of her vernacular and the voraciousness of her sexual appetite, is one of the most vividly developed characters of The Canterbury Tales. At 856 lines her prologue, or preambulacioun as the Summoner calls it, is the longest of any of the pilgrims, and matches the General Prologue but for a few lines. Evidently Chaucer is infatuated with Alisoun, as he plays satirically with both gender and class issues through the Wifes robust rhetoric. Scholars and students alike have continued this obsession with her, and as a consequence Chaucers larger than life widow has been subject to centuries of scrutiny. Indeed, she is in the vast†¦show more content†¦Importantly, Alisoun refers to ancient patriarchs - not only is she prepared to acknowledge the male monopoly on politics, but also the deep rooted nature of their hegemony, a recognition reinforced by the setting of her tale in  ³tholde dayes of the King Arthour ². Chaucer has created a woman who in spite of her fierce social ambitions, remains acutely aware of the civil order of her time. Masculinity also manifests itself clearly in the scholasticism to which the Wife continually refers: St. Paul, St. Jerome and Theophrastus. Once again these are historical figures, and though she aims to castrate their learned authority with her own experience, the very fact they are mentioned is an assertion of their erudite dominance. Ironically the bombast theology of such figures is applauded as much as it is assaulted: Ovids Midas is cited for her own purposes in the tale, while Ptolemy is exalted in the prologue: Of alle men yblessed moot he be, The wise astrologien, Daun Ptholome... (323-324) Her reference to the wise astrologien echoes her description of Solomon as the wise king; clearly in both cases she holds their intellect in the highest regard. Perhaps most surprising in the Wifes tone is the humility which arises from her near religious adoration of the man, and as these lines illustrate, there remains a degree of subservience on Alisouns part. Beneath herShow MoreRelatedThe Wife Of Bath, By Geoffrey Chaucer Essay1487 Words   |  6 Pagesas they were subverted into a secondary class position that deprived them of agency and sexual satisfaction. Throughout Geoffrey Chaucer’s â€Å"Canterbury Tales,† the Wife of Bath provides didactic social commentary on the discrepancies between marriage and virginity and expounds the idea of giving sovereignty to women in relationships. Although the Wife of Bath is portrayed and characterized to some antifeminist stereotypes, her fervent and unorthodox commands enrich the reasoning behind her sexual voraciousne ss:Read MoreSir Gawain And The Green Knight1826 Words   |  8 PagesSir Gawain and the Green Knight, The Wife of Bath’s Prologue and Tale present dynamic views of the â€Å"art of love† in medieval times. In Sir Gawain, the â€Å"love† between Sir Gawain and Lady Bertilak at first appears to be genuine; however, we learn that both characters were using each other guided by ulterior motives. Lady Bertilak jabs at Gawain’s masculinity in order to achieve her goal. The Wife of Bath’s Prologue questions the meaning of love while the narrator discusses her own experience to portrayRead MoreChaucer, Shakespeare, and Eunuchs4253 Words   |  18 Pageswholeness, just as the reader of a text strives to correctly interpret a story, but neither can be fully satisfied. I find it arguable that most of the characters in The Canterbury Tales and Shakespeare’s works mirror the eunuch pardoner in their partialness. For Chaucer I will primarily focus on â €Å"The Wife of Bath’s Prologue and Tale† and how her inner animus creates conflict within herself and the characters around her ultimately placing her in an in-between state between male and female characteristicsRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem The Wife Of Bath Essay2305 Words   |  10 Pagesof matrimony in the Wife of Bath’s Prologue as well as in the Miller’s Tale does not fit in with traditional fourteenth-century culture. The characters in these two texts turn what is suppose to be a sacred unity into a promiscuous and taboo fantasy for pilgrims. The characters narrating these two tales promote the idea of what fourteenth-century canon law would define as adultery—to have had a third lover while married is the new societal trend for the characters in these tales. And so, marriage becomesRead MoreWife Of Bath Feminist Analysis1934 Words   |  8 PagesWhile it may not be completely obvious as to exactly why or how Chaucer was a feminist thro ugh his Canterbury Tales, he had a way of showing his disapproval for the general and widespread anti-feminist mindset of the times, especially through The Wife of Bath’s prologue and tale, without shoving it in the faces of the people he was trying to prove wrong. Through this method of not making it completely obvious that he was a full-fledged feminist, he allowed for his average male readers to not beRead MorePerceptions Remain Unchanged By Marie De France Essay1918 Words   |  8 Pagesescape the stereotypical characterizations that plague women in her era. She portrays Queen Guenevere as a villainous and vengeful woman whom is conniving and unfaithful, which is how strong women are perceived during this time period. Chaucer uses the Wife of Bath character to show how outspoken women can claim that they want sovereignty; however, through their contradictive behavior and ridiculous reasoning’s they are not capable of true independence or governance. The Pearl Poe t confirms that women

Communication and management skills Free Essays

Introduction: An individual, a family, and the society are engulfed in the cobweb of management skills and     pubic relations in every step of life. One is not actively aware of it. In this materialistic era of industrialization and internet civilization, public relations have not left any part of one’s life untouched. We will write a custom essay sample on Communication and management skills or any similar topic only for you Order Now It creates better or worse effects. Public Relations is good in parts. It takes away one from the truth. Profiteering and Public Relations are alternative beats of the same heart. From the topics covered in James E. Grunig’s book, â€Å"Managing Public Relations,† one gets an idea of the domain of Management of Public Relations. The Public Relations Manager in any Organization is the key man; he has to present the best of the Organization, in all aspects to the individuals and Institutions he is called upon to deal. Theme: The theme of any public relations exercise is ‘how to bell the cat.’ How to win over the other party to your view point! How to sell your product to the customer! How to face the competition! These challenges form the syllabus for public relations managers. The topics covered in the book are extensive and intensive. The book has enough resources for both the students and the professionals. It does the job of a knowledgeable teacher. Both the theoretical and the practical aspects are well taken care of. The Four Public Relations models defined by Grunig, deal with the core issues related to this topic. Main ideas/ techniques: The listing of the topics covered and enumerated is fairly long, but if one keeps out its printout, in the form of a pocket-guide, it will prove useful. The topics are, the concept of pubic relations, origin and contemporary structures of public relations, public relations and public responsibility, professionalism in public relations, elements of public relations management, defining and choosing goals and objectives, identifying organizational linkages and publics, budgeting and decision making, evaluation research, legal constraints, media relations, employee and member relations, community relations, public affairs and government relations, relations with active publics; consumers, environmentalists and minorities, financial public relations, promotion, fund raising and public communication campaigns, public relations writing, press releases, catering to the press, using radio, television and videotape, preparing to speak, brochures, fact sheets and   direct mail, newsletters, newspapers and magazines, photographs and illustrations, slides and multimedia representations, films, exhibits and special events, annual reports and financial writing, public relations advertising, lobbying and toward a mature profession.  So, that is public relations. Interesting and many times, annoying, because it is to deal with the public of various types of emotions, tempers and opinions. Evaluation: It is not possible to evaluate the issues involved in public relations within the perimeters of this small article. An effort has been made to discuss the most important aspect of it, in the prevailing conditions today– the management of media. Media is broadly categorized into print media and electronic media. In first flush of enthusiasm, all like media attention. But handling the media attention is not that easy. Mostly if anything adverse is reported, the readers and viewers believe it immediately. Contradicting the adverse reports is not an easy job; it is both expensive, and at times it invites further media wrath. News papers are published everyday. TV channels give the reporting 24 hours of the day. From where one can bring the enormous resources to meet the adverse challenge? The section of the viewers who have seen the adverse reports may not see your clarifications. They say, a lie reported from a platform a thousand times, becomes the truth. That is the position one would face while dealing with the media. It is necessary for you to evaluate whether the money that you are spending on image building exercise is hitting the right spot. A good press release is no guarantee for bettering the image. It may lead to both positive and negative results. People want to read what they want, not what you want. Every press release, every advertisement must have the sense of timing. You can’t advertise refrigerators for the Eskimos. You don’t advertise for woolen garments during summer, unless it is a heavy discount sale, and the people get attracted to the discount aspect. Pubic Relations, in the developing countries, is yet to take off. In the context of globalization, no business establishment can survive in isolation. The consumer is the king now, with so many brands of identical products available in the market. Fresh products arrive to provide stiff competition as for quality and cost both. It is not enough, what you produce is the best product. People need to know that it is the best product, and why it is the best product, in comparative terms. â€Å"Once you start promoting your business, don’t stop. A sustainable public relations strategy is a long-term endeavor. It can take months to capture the attention of targeted media venues. Plus, it’s important to remind the press about your business on a regular basis, so they don’t forget about you.†(Public†¦.) In Western countries, public relations are part of the top management function. It is the part of the agenda of the Board meetings. Management formulates its public relations policy. Continuous efforts are made by the public relations men to keep the organization on the high pedestal from the point of view of the public. Maintaining popularity is equally important as achieving the popularity. â€Å"We even shadow our own communications tactics trying to monitor their impact on audience perception — tactics such as face-to-face meetings, Internet and email, hand-placed newspaper and magazine feature articles and broadcast appearances, special consumer briefings, news releases, announcement luncheons, onsite media interviews, facility tours, brochures and even special events like promotional contests, financial road shows, awards ceremonies, trade conventions, celebrity appearances and open houses — each designed to impact individual perception and behavior.†(The Fundamental†¦) Conclusion: â€Å"Now this soap has the juice of lemon, which nourishes your skin!† says an advertisement. Well, did you not know that lemon juice is good for your skin and in that case why don’t you squeeze a lemon get some juice and put it in the bucket of water and use it directly? Why buy the costly soap, just for the sake of lemon juice? And yet you buy! Why?-because the model engaged by the Company in the television advertisement has told you so. You pay for the soap and for their advertisement costs!   Yes, this is managing public relations! References Cited: Grunig, James E. Book: Managing Public Relations Hardcover: 565 pages Publisher: Harcourt Brace College Publishers (January 1984) Language: English ISBN-10: 0030583373 ISBN-13: 978-0030583377 Article: Public Relations Strategy on a Tight Budget www.startupnation.com/articles/1241/1/public-relations-strategy.Retrieved on December 9, 2007. Article: The Fundamental Premise-Public Relations- ezinearticles.com/? Public-Relations:-The-Fundamental-Premiseid=17377 – Retrieved on December 9, 2007. How to cite Communication and management skills, Essay examples

Chinese Dynasties Essay Example For Students

Chinese Dynasties Essay Chinese Dynasties: 1. Shang: Also called Yin, dynasty that was Chinas earliest historically verifiable state 1766 B.C. to 1122 B.C. A. Reasons for Rise: Unlike the early accounts of history by the Chinese, there is archaeological evidence of the Shang, who built their cities in northern China around the eastern parts of the Yellow River. For this reason they are called the Yellow River civilization. They were a bronze age people; bronze-working seems to have entered China around 2000 BC (about one thousand years after its invention in Mesopotamia). B. Territorial Location size at height of power (map): The Shang ruled the area from the North China Plain northward into present-day Shantung Province and westward to the tip of Honan Province. C. System of government rule names of noted rulers and their accomplishments: A city-state confederation with a three-fold structure of king, officials, commoners. D. Major Religious beliefs practices: The Shang worshiped the earth and other na ture deities to whom they offered human sacrifices. They communicated with the supernatural by writing messages on oracle bones. E. *Major Accomplishments, Achievements, and contributions: The Shang society was many agricultural. They had a large army. Bronze casting was highly developed and a writing system had evolved. There commerce was highly developed and they used cowrie shells was used as currency. Shang art consisted of Bronze, pottery, and jade ornaments. Writing: The singular aspect of Shang civilization is their invention of writing. Almost all the written records of the Shang have disappeared, for the court records were kept on strips of bamboo. However, inscriptions on bronze and on the oracle bones still survive so we have specimens of the very first Chinese writings. The writing system was originally pictographic, that is, words were represented by pictures that fairly closely resembled the meaning of the word. The picture for sun, for instance, looked much like the s un. This pictographic writing eventually developed into the more complex ideographic writing that we are more familiar with. Chinese writing is one of the only contemporary writing systems that still prominently bears traces of its pictographic origins. Religion: The Shang worshipped a figure they called Shang Ti, or Lord on High. This supreme god ruled over lesser gods of the sun, the moon, the wind, the rain, and other natural forces and places. Shang-Ti also regulated human affairs as well as ruling over the material universe. This dual function would, in the Chou dynasty, be attributed to a more abstract figure, tien, or Heaven. The Shang also believed that their ancestors dwelled in heaven after their death and continued to show an interest in their familiy and descendants. The obligations within the family included, therefore, the ancestors. Failing in ones duties to the ancestors could bring all sorts of disaster on a family. All of these divine and semi-divine figures, from Shang-Ti to a familys ancestors, were sacrificed to. However, we know little of the nature or the frequency of these sacrifices. We do know, however, that in the Chou dynasty only the king could sacrifice to Shang-Ti; it is highly likely that Shang-Ti was the local god of the Shang kings who was subsequently elevated in order to elevate the Shang themselves. The one disturbing fact of Shang sacrifice is that it certainly involved humans; slaves and prisoners of war were often sacrificed by the hundreds when a king died. Lesser numbers were sacrificed at the founding of a palace or temple. F. Major reasons for decline and fall: 2. Chou: dynasty (1122-221 B.C.) that ruled ancient china from almost a thousand years establishing a distinctive political and cultural characteristics which would be identified with China for the next 2,000 years. A. Reasons for Rise: B. Territorial Location size at height of power (map): The Chou people seemed to have been a group of semi-nomadic barbarian s living on the western fringe of the north China plain. C. System of government rule names of noted rulers and their accomplishments: A series of feudal states: Primitive communications made it impossible to institute central rule over the territory. They partitioned it off among the members of the ruling family and the loyal generals. The Chou kings never exercised any real military or political power over the entire country. D. Major Religious beliefs practices: E. *Major Accomplishments, Achievements, and contributions: China changed from one of the most backward parts of the world to one of the most advanced. Iron, Ox-drawn plow, crossbow, and horses were all introduced. Large scale irrigation and water control projects increased crop yield greatly. Communication system was improved due to the increase of new roads. Coinage was developed and chopsticks came into use. Chinese writing system was developed. The great schools of Confucianism, Taoism, and Legalism developed in th is period. F. Major reasons for decline and fall: 3. Chin: dynasty, (221-206 B.C.) That established the first great Chinese Empire. The Chin, is the origin of the word china, established the approximate boundaries and basic administrative system that all Chinese dynasties were to follow. A. Reasons for Rise: B. Territorial Location size at height of power (map): Was originated by the state of chin one of the many small feudal states into which china had been divided. It occupied the Wei river valley in the extreme north west of the country. C. System of government rule names of noted rulers and their accomplishments: It was the most martial states. The rulers of Chin began to centralize state power creating a rigid system of law that were applicable through out the country. The state was divided into a series of provinces ruled by officials appointed by the central government. D. Major Religious beliefs practices: E. *Major Accomplishments, Achievements, and contributions: To ru le his vast territory Shih Huang Ti, instituted a ridgid government and standardized the writing system. They built the Great Wall of china F. Major reasons for decline and fall: The harsh methods of ruling combined with large taxes caused a rebellion after Shih Huang Ti death in 210 B.C. The dynasty was replaced by the Han dynasty. 4. Han: dynasty, (206 B.C. -228 A.D.), the second great Chinese imperial dynasty A. Reasons for Rise: The dynasty was founded by Liu Pang a man of humble birth that lead the revolt against the repressive policies of the Chin dynasty. B. Territorial Location size at height of power (map): Fought against the Huns in the north and advanced into western Turkestan where they opened up communication to the subcontinent of India. They conquered western Korea and took over trade with Japan. They conquered northern Vietnam. C. System of government rule names of noted rulers and their accomplishments: The Han copied the highly centralized structure of the chin dynasty. The county was divided into a series of areas appointed by the central government. They adopted a Confucian ideology that emphasized moderation and virtue. This was so successful that the Han dynasty lasted longer than any other dynasty. D. Major Religious beliefs practices: Confucianism, the emperor was the intermediary between his subjects and heaven. Confucian historians saw history not as progressive but as cyclical. E. *Major Accomplishments, Achievements, and contributions: Dramatic increase of trade with the outside world. This was a major time of peace and prosperity. They achieved breakthroughs in medicine and astronomy. Zhang Heng developed a instrument to measure earth quakes. Greatly improved farming methods that lead to better crops. Improved the plow, and methods of grinding grain. Irrigation was improved. Clothes where elaborate, and the people eat well. Entertainment was common. They invented paper which was cheaper than previous writing materials. They imp roved iron working, which lead to better weapons and tools. F. Major reasons for decline and fall: Eventually war on the frontier and the Emperors building projects put a large stain on society. The peasants were drafted into the army and agricultural production fell. Many farms were lost to rich people and the peasants wound up being hired workers or even bandits. The peasants revolted and the Generals used this opportunity to establish land for them self and the empire collapsed in confusion. China was broken up into 3 kingdoms, the kingdom of Wei in the north, Shu in the upper Yangtze river, and the Wu kingdom in the lower Yangtze river. 5. Sui: ( A.D. 581-618), dynasty that reunified China after the long-standing divisions of the Six Dynasties period (A.D. 220-589). A. Reasons for Rise: Began on a Grand Canal, a system of waterways designed to unite North and South China both economically and politically. B. Territorial Location size at height of power (map): C. System of gover nment rule names of noted rulers and their accomplishments: D. Major Religious beliefs practices: E. *Major Accomplishments, Achievements, and contributions: They undertook massive construction projects at their two capitals, Lo-yang and Chang-an, and they reasserted Chinese sovereignty over Central Asia. F. Major reasons for decline and fall: These efforts put some much strain on the populace that it finally led to the overthrow of this dynasty. 6. Tiang: (618 A.D. 907 B.C.) founded by a former high official of the Sui Dynasty A. Reasons for Rise: B. Territorial Location size at height of power (map): Re-extended Chinese control over much of central Asia and Korea. C. System of government rule names of noted rulers and their accomplishments: The civil service system grew into a mature form and most government officials had to take exams in order to get into the civil service. This lead to a decline in power of the landed aristocracy. D. Major Religious beliefs practices: Co nfucianism was revived and became the official state religion. Buddhism continued to flourish. E. *Major Accomplishments, Achievements, and contributions: Long period of peace and growth and one of the most cosmopolitan periods. F. Major reasons for decline and fall: A revolt in 755 almost overthrew the dynasty but was suppressed. However the government never recovered and the generals took over. 7. Sung: Marked one of Chinas most brilliant ages. (960 A.D. 1279 A.D.) Due to their weakness, the Sung made an alliance with a Chin dynasty(1122-1234) of northern Manchuria. After all their mutual enemies were defeated, the Chin turned on the Sung. This forced them to retreat and form a new capital in the South in 1135. This new Sung dynasty far surpassed that of the old one. The economic and intellectual achievements increased while the former Sung dynasty to the north slowly decayed. The dynasty showed no internal sign of collapse, but its downfall was many years of bitter fighting agai nst a superior force. A. Reasons for Rise: B. Territorial Location size at height of power (map): The Sung capital was relocated to Lin An in southern China. After the original capital was lost to nomadic tribes. The Sung agreed to the permanent loss of the territory between china and the great wall. C. System of government rule names of noted rulers and their accomplishments: They developed a welfare system which made this a very humane period in Chinese history. To avoid the problems the Tang government faced, the Northern Sung made the military subordinate to the civil government. Every aspect of government and society was dominated by the civil government. The civil service test was expanded so that the government would have a constant flow of young talent. The Sung re-organized the imperial government, centralizing the control of the dynasty at the capital. The local government was left pretty much the same. Education flourished and the economy also continued to expand. The literature that was being created in the late Tang dynasty continued to flourish as well. However, even with such improvements, there was one major flaw, a weak military. The Sungs military was not very powerful, and they frequently signed treaties to end fighting. Usually included in the treaties were stipulations requiring the Sung to pay tributes to the enemies they were fighting. With the population growth came greater economic growth. The military was a large portion of the annual income due to border defenses. The Northern Sung fell apart due to differences in opinions by the civil bureaucrats. In 1069, a young Sung emperor appointed Wang An-shih as his chief counselor. Wang brought about great change in the government. He proposed plans to increase government income, decrease spending, and strengthen military forces. Wang An-Shih realized that the governments wealth came from the peasants, and that the wealthier the peasants were, the wealthier the government would be. So, Wa ng implemented land reforms to give equal allotments of land to farmers, loans to cultivators to assist planting and harvesting, and a graduated tax on wealth. Parts of Wangs plan were adopted, but some were not used due to bureaucratic opposition. D. Major Religious beliefs practices: They merged the Buddhist and Taoist religions together and also increased the influence of Confucius. E. *Major Accomplishments, Achievements, and contributions: Commerce developed to an unprecedented extent. Paper currency came into use and several large cities with a population of more than existed along the southern coast. They developed the printing press. Sculpture and landscape painting flourished. Confucian philosophy was systematized into a doctrine. The Sung dynasty was a age of major accomplishments. Sculpture in lacquer and wood were very artistic. F. Major reasons for decline and fall: The dynasty fell to the Mongol army of Kublai Khan. 8. Mongols: A brave warrior named Temujin became lea der of a federation of Mongol tribes in 1206. The tribes renamed him greatest of all rulers, or Genghis Khan. For the next 21 years Genghis Khan undertook military campaigns that extended Mongol rule well into Russia and into the Middle East. His warriors also took over northern China, capturing the city of Peking (modern-day Beijing) in 1215 and eventually establishing a Mongol dynasty. Upon Genghis Khans death in 1227, four of his sons inherited his armies and lands. One of his grandsons, Batu Khan, extended Mongol control of Russia under his Golden Horde, creating a base for raids on Eastern Europe. Mongol expansion into Russia was aided by Alexander Nevski, a Russian prince who collaborated with the Mongols. The empire was at its height under Kublai Khan, who brought all of China under Mongol control. In 1279 Kublai Khan announced the beginning, or Yuan, of a new era, which gave its name to the Mongol Dynasty that would last until 1368. As with all such extended empires, decline set in. The Khans allowed administration to fall into the hands of local bureaucrats, who soon developed their own power bases. In addition, feuding broke out between the various subdivisions of the empire. China was lost to the Ming dynasty in 1368. The khans of Persia were overthrown, and the Russians defeated the Golden Horde in 1480. In 1206 Temujin was elected head of a federation of Mongol tribes. His title within the All the Mongols league was Genghis Khan. Between 1206 and 1227, when Genghis Khan died, the Mongols conquered a dominion that stretched from the China Sea to the Caspian. On the north it bordered the forest belt of Siberia, and on the south it touched the Pamir range, Tibet, and the central plains of China. The first attack was launched against the Hsi-Hsia, who occupied a border state in northwestern China. By 1215 all of northern China, including the capital at Ta-tu (now called Beijing), had been taken. In 1218 the Mongols moved into eastern Turkestan. Betwee n 1219 and 1225 they added western Turkestan. Advance troops penetrated into southern Russia and raided cities in the Crimea. A. Reasons for Rise: n 1206, after 20 years of internal war, Genghis Khan united the roaming Mongol tribes into a new national entity, the Blue Mongols. In 1211, he focused on China, breaking through the Great Wall two years later and conquering Beijing in 1215. Resistance from Chinese rulers, conflict within the Mongolian camp and forays into Russia delayed the conquest of the Song Dynasty for many years. Not until 1279 did his grandson, Kublai Khan, gain control of southern China and establish the Yuan Dynasty. The China ruled by Kublai Khan was the vastest country the world has ever seen. The Mongols established two capitals: a summer capital of Shangdu in Inner Mongolia and a winter capital of Dadu, now known as Beijing. The Yuan grip remained strong until the end, despite internal problems and widespread Chinese disaffection with their Mongol rulers. By the middle of the 14th century, though, the country had become convulsed by rebellion. By 1367, Zhu Yuanzhang, an orphan who became a Buddhist novice, had climbed to the top of the rebel leadership. In 1368, he established the Ming Dynasty and restored Chinese rule. B. Territorial Location size at height of power (map): From Russia down to southern China C. System of government rule names of noted rulers and their accomplishments: The Mongol Empire created by Genghis Khan was not a unified state but a vast collection of territories held together by military force. Because it was controlled by so many military leaders, all theoretically responsible to the great khan, the empire carried within it the seeds of its own breakdown. Central power rested with the khan and his councillors. Although they were well organized militarily, the Mongols had no developed concept for ruling settled populations. The various territories were under the authority of military commanders. New conquests were not administered just economically exploited. In areas that were under subjugation longer, there was some growth of administration. Local bureaucracies, though dominated by Mongols, usually followed administrative patterns that had been locally developed. This was especially true in China, with its ancient and vast bureaucracy. While Genghis Khan was still living, he divided the empire between his four favorite sons. Tului, the youngest, received the original Mongol homelands and parts of northern China. Ogadai received western Mongolia and part of northwestern China. Chagatai was given most of Turkestan in Central Asia. The oldest son, Juchi, received southwestern Siberia, western Turkestan, and Russian lands stretching north of the Black Sea. A fifth section of the empire was later added when Hulagu, a son of Tului, conquered Iran, Iraq, and Syria in the 1250s. D. Major Religious beliefs practices: E. *Major Accomplishments, Achievements, and contributions: The largest empir e ever seen F. Major reasons for decline and fall: Genghis Khan and his eldest son, Juchi, both died in 1227. At a convocation of Mongol leaders, Ogadai was appointed supreme khan. Juchis lands in the west were inherited by his son Batu. Ogadai made his capital at Karakorum in central Mongolia. He immediately set out to add more of China to the Mongol conquests. By 1234 all but the southernmost region of China had been incorporated. Manic Depression Essay

Thomas Cole Life, Paintings, And Views Essay Example For Students

Thomas Cole: Life, Paintings, And Views Essay Landscape painting was an extremely important time during the middle of the nineteenth century. One of the leading practitioners of landscape painters in America was Thomas Cole. He went to many places seeking the natural world in which he used direct observation to show his audience the untainted nature by man. His works helped to find goodness in American land and to help Americans take pride in their unique geological features created by god. Thomas Cole inspired many with his brilliant works by bringing satisfaction among the people who were trying to find the truth realism through the works of others. We will write a custom essay on Thomas Cole: Life, Paintings, And Views specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Thomas Cole was born on February 1, 1801 in Bolton, Lancashire, England. Due to financial problems experienced by his family, at the age of fourteen Cole found work as a textile printer and wood engraver in Philadelphia. In 1819, Cole returned to Ohio where his parents resided. Here Cole learned the oil painting techniques of a portrait painter named Stein. During this time Cole was extremely impressed by what he saw in the landscapes of the New World and how different they were from the small town of England where he had come from. Art came to Cole naturally, he taught himself, and one day set out to observe nature and the wilderness. He began painting pictures by first making oil sketches of American rocks, trees, sunsets, plants, animals, as well as distant Indians. From these sketches he formed several paintings. He is famous for his allegorical collection called the The Course of Empire and is well-known for his Landscape paintings, The Oxbow, The Woodchopper, and The Clove, Catskills. In January of 1826, Cole was known for the being the founder of the National Academy of Design. During this time many people wanted Cole to paint pictures of American scenery for them, but his main goal, he says, was to create a higher style of landscape that could express moral or religious meanings. Cole continued to paint and in 1836 he married Maria Barstow and settled in Catskill, New York. Catskill was the place where he sketched a portrait of the Catskill Mountains and the Hudson River. From these paintings he influenced a lot of other artists such as Frederick Edwin Church along with Albert Bierstadt. Cole died on February 11, 1848 due to an illness and was remembered by many whom he helped to see the true vision of America. Thomas Cole led the first American school of Landscape, called the Hudson River School. This school included many leading artist such as Asher Brown Durand, Thomas Doughty, as well as the second generation of artists such as Frederick Edwin Church, Sanford Gifford, and Albert Bierstadt. These painters shared a common background. They were Romantic Realists who found great wonders in the countryside of the New World. They searched the Hudson Valley and areas of New England to find unique images of America. These realists combined detailed panoramic images with moralistic insights, which they obtained from famous works of literature of Emerson, Thoreau, Whitman, and Bryant. They saw the landscape as having a feeling of hopefulness, divinity, and harmony. This school was an important part of the American culture. Many neighboring countries had crushed America during the time of war and peace. Since that time, Americans yearned to see their nation survive. In his paintings, Cole seems to focus on an ideal America. He does this by painting vistas that mix both idealism and realism. He impressed several of his colleagues teaching them that a landscape painter must have strength, determination, and should be willing to conquer the hazards of the weather and terrain in order to achieve success. In 1825, an artist named John Trumball discovered Coles work in the window of a frame shop. Trumball purchased many of Coles paintings and this was brought to the attention of many critics who loved Coles style. The success of the Hudson River School led to the formation of the National Academy of Design. In the beginning of the 1800s, artists such as Thomas Cole painted pictures of the East and closer to the Hudson Valley. .u52f3dd42ac54289c520f1f99b705ec00 , .u52f3dd42ac54289c520f1f99b705ec00 .postImageUrl , .u52f3dd42ac54289c520f1f99b705ec00 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u52f3dd42ac54289c520f1f99b705ec00 , .u52f3dd42ac54289c520f1f99b705ec00:hover , .u52f3dd42ac54289c520f1f99b705ec00:visited , .u52f3dd42ac54289c520f1f99b705ec00:active { border:0!important; } .u52f3dd42ac54289c520f1f99b705ec00 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u52f3dd42ac54289c520f1f99b705ec00 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u52f3dd42ac54289c520f1f99b705ec00:active , .u52f3dd42ac54289c520f1f99b705ec00:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u52f3dd42ac54289c520f1f99b705ec00 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u52f3dd42ac54289c520f1f99b705ec00 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u52f3dd42ac54289c520f1f99b705ec00 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u52f3dd42ac54289c520f1f99b705ec00 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u52f3dd42ac54289c520f1f99b705ec00:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u52f3dd42ac54289c520f1f99b705ec00 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u52f3dd42ac54289c520f1f99b705ec00 .u52f3dd42ac54289c520f1f99b705ec00-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u52f3dd42ac54289c520f1f99b705ec00:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Dylan Thomas The Life And Work EssayBy the 1850s artists began to travel further into the west and distant places such as the South American Tropical environments to capture a more spectacular American wilderness. The result of Coles first sketch on this trip up the Hudson River inspired a new generation of artists to follow his direction. The Course of the Empire, painted by Thomas Cole, was one of his famous allegorical works that dealt with the stages of an empire. This painting is separated into five stages: The Savage State, The Pastoral State, The Consummation of Empire, Destruction, and Desolation. These canvases portray the relationship between man and nature. Cole believed that human empires and civilizations were not permanent. Throughout history, empires have risen and fallen. He is trying to say that man can dominate and create a civilization, but he will soon return to destruction and failure. In this scenery, Cole painted each picture in the same location, but used different seasons, time, and weather conditions to come up with an appropriate mood for each of his paintings. The message Cole gives out for this painting is that nature has the supreme control, and no matter what man does, his actions cannot stop anything. In his first canvas, The Savage State, a bay with grassy green land is seen on the near side. On the far side there is smoke rising from the colony of teepees and a noticeable mountain. The atmosphere of the painting seems dark and untamed. Broken trees, thick underbrush, and a hunter trying to kill a deer can be seen in the foreground. From a far distance one can see the fire and gathering of the savages. The hunters are perceived as wild because they are running near a stream with their weapons, such as bows and spears and are ready to attack for food. The dark gray clouds in this painting hover about the mountain, while the water remains to show its roughness by crashing against the shore. This work of art represents the Primitive state of the natural world in the presence of man. Thomas Cole writes in his prose description of this stage, The Empire is asserted, although to a limited degree, over sea, land, and the animal kingdom qtd. in Parry156. In his second section, called The Pastoral State, the area is the same, but the perspective of the painting has slightly changed. Unlike the first stage with its broken trees, this stage is tamed and ordered. There are beautiful green grass fields in the scene, which may show that men have tamed the area in order to suit themselves. This painting shows several people being busy in their daily lives and some even relaxing. For example, shepherds can be seen as well as thinkers, imperial soldiers, and women working on chores at the stream with their children. The animals are being used for agriculture work and some are grazing. More houses and different sorts of building styles can be seen compared to the first stage painting. In this painting, the mood appears to be calm and pleasant just like the way the people are enjoying themselves. Overall, this image represents a state in which man has changed nature to suit himself by taming the ones that are barbaric and being more civilized about the essential quality of nature. The third portion of this painting is The Consummation of Empire. There are great advances in this painting than the first two. Roads and other structures have been built. The water is calm, there are a few clouds, and two columns can be seen marking the entrance to the bay. A lot more people are present in this setting than the previous stages. There are crowds of people seen walking on luxurious walkways, boats, and the buildings. .u22f8aabcd170a4043848a4fe333331db , .u22f8aabcd170a4043848a4fe333331db .postImageUrl , .u22f8aabcd170a4043848a4fe333331db .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u22f8aabcd170a4043848a4fe333331db , .u22f8aabcd170a4043848a4fe333331db:hover , .u22f8aabcd170a4043848a4fe333331db:visited , .u22f8aabcd170a4043848a4fe333331db:active { border:0!important; } .u22f8aabcd170a4043848a4fe333331db .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u22f8aabcd170a4043848a4fe333331db { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u22f8aabcd170a4043848a4fe333331db:active , .u22f8aabcd170a4043848a4fe333331db:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u22f8aabcd170a4043848a4fe333331db .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u22f8aabcd170a4043848a4fe333331db .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u22f8aabcd170a4043848a4fe333331db .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u22f8aabcd170a4043848a4fe333331db .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u22f8aabcd170a4043848a4fe333331db:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u22f8aabcd170a4043848a4fe333331db .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u22f8aabcd170a4043848a4fe333331db .u22f8aabcd170a4043848a4fe333331db-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u22f8aabcd170a4043848a4fe333331db:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A Significant Event That Changed My Life EssayThe environment in this painting shows human beings as being prosperous and abundant. They have dominated nature by changing the natural world to fit them. The fourth part of the series is Destruction. In this scene, warriors are attacking the community and nothing can be seen but massacres and destruction. Fighting is going on everywhere while the dead and the dying lay around the walkways and near the buildings. The columns that were seen in the third stage by the bay have been broken and so have some of the houses. The sea is not calm and the clouds appear smoky and thick. The main purpose of this canvas is to indicate that human empires do not last, and at some point they may face destruction. The final part of this painting is Desolation. Unlike all the other paintings, this one takes place at night. The night is calm with the glistening moon reflecting in the bay and a few clouds strung out in the night sky. No humans are present in this setting, but by viewing the painting one can see evidence of human existence. Broken pillars and ruined structures line the coast while they are being overgrown by mosses and plants. The area is quite wild due to the awkward growing of plants everything. The mountain still stands in its place, but alone without any human presence. The sea shines with peacefulness. On the far side two deer can been perceived drinking water. The point of this portrait is to let the viewer know that nature has reclaimed the land. The deer have returned and so have the plants and trees, but the people have not. The marks of the human beings have become part of the natural world. Cole had many views about nature, human life and mortality. He felt that the nation had a wild beauty. Cole said in one of his articles, To walk with nature as a poet is the necessary condition of a perfect artist. He illustrated the American landscape with a new vision, but at the same time he did not forget to paint pictures that portray allegorical and religious subjects. He believed that as men live and die so do plants and animals. Cole used eroded mountains and dried up rivers to symbolize the cycles of nature as being compared with humans. What he meant by this was that ma n dies as he ages and nature also looses its agility. Sometimes Coles art works represent that as the early settlement of America is passing by, a new one is taking its place.

Latitude and Type Your Response Essays

Latitude and Type Your Response Essays Latitude and Type Your Response Essay Latitude and Type Your Response Essay The Lesson Activities will help you meet these educational goals: Science Inquiry- You will conduct online research, collect information, and communicate your findings in written form. STEM- You will apply scientific tools and knowledge to solve real-world problems in order to grow in your understanding of science as a creative human activity. 21st Century Skills- You will employ online tools for research and analysis, use critical thinking and problem-solving skills, and communicate effectively in order to solve real-world problems. ________________________________________________________________________________ Directions Write a response for each of the following activities. When you have finished, submit your work to your teacher. Check the rubric at the end of this document to make sure your work is meeting the expected criteria. Task 1: Geocaching In adventure books and movies, the hero sometimes has to follow a map to find a buried treasure. Today, a new sort of adventure sport has become popular in which people use technology to â€Å"find† treasures. Geocaching involves global positioning satellites, maps, and participants’ sense of adventure to locate specific geographic spots. These could be situated in a local area and tracked down in â€Å"real time† or located anywhere on Earth and identified virtually. As you know, every point on Earth can be identified by latitude and longitude. In this lesson, you studied how to read points on a map in degrees, minutes, and seconds of latitude and longitude. For example, the Space Needle in Seattle, Washington, is located at approximately 47 ° 37 14 N, 122 ° 20 57 W. Use your map reading, Internet searching, and reasoning skills to find the following locations and answer the three questions for each. You may need to emember that one person’s treasure may be another person’s trash! a. 25 ° 20 42 S 131 ° 2 E 1. What is the place? Type your response here: 2. What mineral is this object made of? Type your response here: 3. What does it look like? Insert a photogaph here: b. 27 ° 10 30 N 78 ° 2 32 E 1. What is the place? Type your response here: 2. Why was this object built? Type your resp onse here: 3. What does it look like? Insert a photograph here: c. 37 ° 52 55 N 85 ° 57 43 W 1. What is the place? Type your response here: 2. What would you find stored at this location? Type your response here: 3. What does it look like? Insert a photograph here: d. 55 ° 45 9 N 37 ° 37 23 E 1. What is the place? Type your response here: 2. What is the name of the main church found here? Type your response here: 3. What does it look like? Insert a photograph here: e. 51 ° 30 14 N 0 ° 7 9 W 1. What is the place? Type your response here: 2. This area was burned in the Great Fire. What year did the Great Fire occur, and what was the purpose of the main building where the fire started? Type your response here: 3. What does this location look like? Insert a photograph here: f. 78 ° 55 50 N 11 ° 49 59 E 1. What is the place? Type your response here: 2. What is most noteworthy about the location of this settlement? Type your response here: 3. What does the place look like? Insert a photograph here: g. 13 ° 9 46 S 72 ° 32 17 W 1. What is the place? Type your response here: 2. Who is usually credited with the discovery of this place? Type your response here: 3. What does it look like? Insert a photograph here: h. 15 ° 50 11 S 69 ° 20 19 W 1. What is the place? Type your response here: 2. What marks this place as unique? Type your response here: 3. What does it look like? Insert a photograph here: . 44 ° 51 15 N 93 ° 14? 32 W 1. What is the place? Type your response here: 2. What was located here before the current landmark? Type your response here: 3. What does the spot look like? Insert a photograph here: j. 36 ° 06 00 N 112 ° 06 00 W 1. What is the place? Type your response here: 2. How was this place formed? Type your response here: 3. What does this spot look like? Ins ert a photograph here: Task 2: Make Your Own Geocaching Activity Now create your own geocaching treasure hunt. Think of 10 interesting spots in the world and provide their latitudes and longitudes. Ask a focused question about each place that would require the virtual explorer to conduct research to come up with an answer. Provide the answer as well! Type your responses here: 1. Latitude and longitude: Name of location: Question (with answer) about location: 2. Latitude and longitude: Name of location: Question (with answer) about location: 3. Latitude and longitude: Name of location: Question (with answer) about location: 4. Latitude and longitude: Name of location: Question (with answer) about location: 5. Latitude and longitude: Name of location: Question (with answer) about location: 6. Latitude and longitude: Name of location: Question (with answer) about location: 7. Latitude and longitude: Name of location: Question (with answer) about location: 8. Latitude and longitude: Name of location: Question (with answer) about location: 9. Latitude and longitude: Name of location: Question (with answer) about location: 10. Latitude and longitude: Name of location: Question (with answer) about location: Rubrics This project will be evaluated on a rubric that is based on the completeness, clarity, and thinking you exhibit in the Directions and Analysis section above. Points possible: Geocaching: 30 Make Your Own Geocaching Activity: 30 |Geocaching | |30 points | |locations correctly identified, or very close proximity (1 point each – 10 | |total) | |question about location correctly answered | |(1 point each – 10 total) | |correct graphic included (1 point each – 10 total)

Explain and discuss the ways in which sociology and Psychology can Essay

Explain and discuss the ways in which sociology and Psychology can help provide a better understanding of Health and Health care - Essay Example In order to provide an in-depth knowledge, let us define first sociology, psychology, health, and health care. Sociology is derived from the Latin word socius meaning companion and the Greek word logus meaning study of (Taylor & Field, 2007, p. 3). As a discipline, sociology is the social scientific study of society including the interactions between people and society and the influence they imposed on each other (Hyde, Lohan & McDonnell, 2004, p. 3). On the other hand, psychology refers to the scientific study of human behavior which includes how an organism act, think, feel, learn, perceive, interact with others and understand themselves (Barkway, 2009, p. 2). Health is a holistic discipline and is defined by the World Health Organization in 1946 as â€Å" a state of physical and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity† and health care refers to the delivery of health services of health professionals to achieve state of equilibrium (Harari & Leg ge, 2001, p. 2). Understanding the role of sociology and psychology to health and health care doesn’t end in knowing the core definition but rather, by careful analysis of the underlying principles, perspectives, alternative explanations, issues, influence on human behavior and general implications on the population to determine and entail the relationship between psychology, sociology, health, and health care. Human Behavior in Health Care Settings In a health care setting, health providers deal with people of different behavior and beliefs. Most of these people have complicated illnesses and behavioral reactions toward health care delivery and settings vary. Human behavior towards health care settings depends on several factors. It may be political, social, economic, and environment. There are culturally held beliefs about illness, disease prevention, treatments, as well as appropriate health behaviors and identification of the sick role. Health care providers must be aware of a person’s cultural norms to avoid culture shock and must start at the most basic level to foster health-promoting behaviors towards health care. Let us take the example of human behavior with regards to counseling in a health care setting. People may imagine the scenario as two individuals facing each other. Most of the times, patients behave in a way to show their feelings and being uncomfortable at closeness but there are also individuals who feel comfortable about this closeness and likely behave to confide in a health care staff and asks questions. In some instances, patient’s find it comfortable to verbalize their feelings and reasons of their behavior with the health care professional informally, checking their intravenous infusion or massaging them, rather than the formal set-up which is a one-on-one basis, facing each other (Barkway, 2009, p. 155). Human behaviors directly affect the status of health care. Negative human behaviors such as distrust in healt h care

Medical Group Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Medical Group Analysis - Essay Example Different points of view of each group contribute to establish a level on which each group functions or does not function, and to see how interaction in the group and interaction of that group with the society has an influence in the efficiency of medical care. The importance of each group can be observed through close analysis of its interaction with society and itself. Therefore, two important aspects can be differentiated. The micro-level interaction in the groups explains the working conditions, while at a macro level it explains their purpose in society and the potentials and problems of globalization. Although modern nursing was created a little more than a hundred years ago, mostly by the enormous contribution of Florence Nightingale during the Crimean War, the foundations of nursing were laid many centuries before the publication of the first nursing guidelines. Nursing and its formation as a science is closely related to and must be placed within a sociological perspective; the desire to help the sick and injured is a continuing sociological phenomena, dating back to the formation of the first civilizations. A fine example is the effort of nuns and other clergy during the middle ages, which essentially performed the duties of modern nurses. Society and science may have changed over the ages, but the necessity for a specific medical group that cares, both for the physical and psychological well-being, of the sick is always present. The 1.3 million registered nurses working in hospitals in the United States, and the ever growing demand is a natural results of the necessity of nu rses (Steinbrook, 2002). Much research is done into the micro-level interaction of nurses and nursing groups in hospitals in order to determine the effectives of the latter. Most of the research was performed through participation observation, and according to one research, it was determined that the hours of nursing care provided by registered nurses is proportional with better care for hospitalized patients (Steinbrook, 2002). Also, the larger number of registered-nurse-hours per day or licensed-nurse-hours per day is associated with a lower rate of failure to rescue critical patients. Studies have also reported a correlation between higher levels of staffing by nurses and lower mortality and lower rates of other outcomes. According to another research, however, conducted amongst surgical patients, no evidence was found of an association between in-hospital mortality and the proportion of registered-nurse-hours, leading to the conclusion that mortality is not connected with good care of nurses but with oth er health care group. If we observe two different hospitals, where we can determine the symbolic interaction between different nursing groups, we are supposed to consider other unmeasured factors with higher levels of staffing by registered nurses or other unmeasured characteristics of the hospitals' nursing work force. The level of staffing by nurses is an incomplete measure of the quality of nursing care in hospitals. Other factors, such as effective communication between nurses and physicians and a positive work environment, have been found to influence patients' outcomes. The outcomes for which we found

Term Paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Assignment - Term Paper Example The political sphere today is male dominated, as shown by the high numbers of males participating in politics (Lawless & Fox 2012). In the USA, women account for only 16.6 percent of congress. On the other hand, women make up only 8 percent of the mayors of the nation’s largest cities. Similarly, Britain registers lower representation of women in politics, compared to the U.S.A. (PressTVGlobalNews 2011). Globally, in July 2006, women accounted for 17 percent of parliamentarians worldwide, and a woman headed the government in only seven countries (UNICEF, 2007). According to Anne, Deckman, and Swers (2011), the under-representation of women in politics is not blamed on legal restrictions, but probably on the bias of voters and parties, which favor the male politicians. Nonetheless, despite women under-representation in politics, a number of women in different countries have risen in the political scene, with impeccable performance, which is responsible for their influence in th e politics of their countries and the world. In 2011, the Forbes Magazine published a list of the most powerful women in the world. Among the first top five most powerful women in the list, three were female politicians. The most powerful woman in politics was considered to be Angela Merkel, who â€Å". . . directly controls the $2.9 trillion GDP of Germany and influences the $14.8 trillion economy of the European Union† (Goudreau 2011, para. 2). Besides being the first female chancellor of Germany, Merkel is also the party leader of Christian Democratic Union in Germany. She has held this political office in Germany since 2005, and re-elected in 2009. Merkel is also responsible for overseeing the operations of the Eurozone, ensuring stability, and unification of the members. In addition, the stabilization of the European Union is one of her core duties. This makes Germany the only country among the top largest economies of the world to be headed by a female leader (Gedmin

Structural Performance Of Lightweight Concrete

Structural Performance Of Lightweight Concrete The Romans reportedly first used lightweight concrete during the eighteenth centuries. The application on the The Pantheon where it uses pumice aggregate in the construction of cast in-situ concrete, according to Hjh Kamsiah Mohd Ismail, Mohamad Shazli Fathi and Norpadzlihatun bte Manaf (2003), all with the Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Institutional Repository, confirms the Romans use of lightweight concrete. In the journal article, Study of lightweight concrete behavior, Ismail, Fathi and Manaf recount that during the late nineteenth century, American and English builders used clinker, a form of lightweight concrete in their construction projects like the British Museum as well as in low cost housing. DAnnunzio (2003) reports: Lightweight concrete can achieve similar strengths as standard concrete, and it produces a more efficient strength-to-weight ratio in structural elements (p. 2). During the research paper which investigates the structural performance of lightweight concrete, the author asserts: When the builder or developer uses lightweight concrete, then à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ completing hypothesisà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the rest is just to show progressà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. DAnnunzio (2003), reports the use of lightweight concrete as a roof decking and insulation system has expanded in the past five years. Increased usage can be attributed to the recent industry-wide insulation shortages and delamination deficiencies (p. 1). The increase can also be attributed to the economic and environmental advantages that lightweight insulating concrete (LWIC) provides in roof assemblies. Lightweight insulating concrete (LWIC) provides The reported recent industry-wide insulation shortages and delamination deficiencies. The increase can also be attributed to the economic and environmental advantages that in roof assemblies. lightweight concrete as a roof decking and insulation system has expanded in the past five years. Increased usage can be attributed to The lightweight concrete was also used in construction during the First World War. The United States used mainly for shipbuilding and concrete blocks. The foamed blast furnace-slag and pumice aggregate for block making were introduced in England and Sweden around 1930s. Nowadays with the advancement of technology, lightweight concrete expands its uses. For example, in the form of perlite with its outstanding insulating characteristics. It is widely used as loose-fill insulation in masonry construction where it enhances fire ratings, reduces noise transmission, does not rot and termite resistant. It is also used for vessels, roof decks and other applications. Figure 5 shows some examples of lightweight concrete used in different forms. Lightweight insulating concrete (LWIC) provides The reported recent industry-wide insulation shortages and delamination deficiencies. The increase can also be attributed to the economic and environmental advantages that in roof assemblies. lightweight concrete as a roof decking and insulation system has expanded in the past five years. Increased usage can be attributed to Lightweight concrete can achieve similar strengths as standard concrete, and it produces a more efficient strength-to-weight ratio in structural elements DAnnunzio (2007, p. 2). John A. DAnnunzio (2003), president of IRT Inc., asserts in the article, New Lightweight Concrete Technology, as with all site installed materials, the quality of the finished product is based on the skill level of the applicator. Structural lightweight concrete, made with accumulation of lightweitght concrete aggregate, has been used in the United States for approximately 50 years. The article, Concrete in practice, what, why and how?, (2003) explains structural lightweight concrete has an in-place density (unit weight) on the order of 90 to 115lb/ft3 (1440 to 1840 kg/m3) compared to normal weight concrete with a density in the range of 140 lb to 150lb/ft3 (2240 to 2400kg/m3) (p. 1). Lightweight aggregates, such as clay, shale or slate materials, are typically used to make structural lightweight concrete. These lightweight aggregates are fired in a rotary kiln to cause this type concrete to have a porous structure. Air-cooled blast furnace slag may also be used to create lightweight concrete aggregates. There are other classes of non-structural lightweight concretes with lower density made with other aggregate materials and higher air voids in the cement paste matrix, such as in cellular concrete (Concrete in practiceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦, 2003, p. 1). This type of concrete is typically used for insulation properties only. Lightweight concrete may be produced by injecting air in to the composition, by leaving out the finer sizes of the aggregate or by replacing the aggregate with hollow or porous aggregate. Hjh Kamsiah Mohd Ismail, Mohamad Shazli Fathi and Norpadzlihatun bte Manaf (2003), all with the Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Institutional Repository, purport in the journal article, Study of lightweight concrete behavior, particularly, lightweight concrete can be categorized into three groups: No-fines concrete Lightweight aggregate concrete Aerated/Foamed concrete (p. 5). No-fines concrete may be defined as lightweigh concrete that is created by combining cement and fine aggregate. This type of concrete has evenly spaced holes throughout it. Strucural lightweight concrete is mainly used to minimize the dead load of a structure that is made out of concrete. This allows the designer to decrease the size of columns and footings, or other load bearing essential features. Structural lightweight concrete mixtures can be designed to achieve similar strengths as normal weight concrete. The same is true for other mechanical and durability performance requirements (Concrete in practiceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦, 2003, p. 1). Strucutral lightweight concrete also produces a better strength to weight ratio for structural materials. Although lightweight concrete is more expensive than traditional concrete, the cost is offset because of the reduced volume of lightweight concrete, allowing designers to use less, which turns out to be less cost. When builders and developers choose to use structural lightweight concrete, the construction costs are lower and the building is much more durable. The researcher will purport the: Advantages and disadvantages of lightweight concrete; High Performance Fiber Reinforced Lightweight Concrete Proper Mixing Methods Volcanic Pumice Offer Conclusions Advantages of Lightweight Concrete Two of the distincitive features of lightweight concrete are its low density and thermal conductivity. Ismail, Fathi and Manaf (2003), explain advantages are that there is a reduction of dead load, faster building rates in construction and lower haulage and handling costs. Lightweight concrete maintains its large voids and not forming laitance layers or cement films when placed on the wall (p. 1). A great example of the durability of lightweight concrete is The Pantheon in Rome, which was built over 18 centuries ago. Sructural lightweight concrete is in high demand for use in construction because of its lower density which results in designers ability to have a smaller foundation due to the use of smaller load bearing elements or cross sections. Harun Tanyildizi and Ahmet Coskun (2008), both with the Department of construction education, Firat University Elazig, Turkey, explain in the journal article, The effect of high temperature on compressive strength and splitting tensile strength of structural lightweight concrete containing fly ash, lightweight aggregates are broadly classified in to two types-natural (pumice, diatomite, volcanic cinders, etc.) and artificial (perlite, expanded shale, clay, slate, sintered PFA, etc.). Lightweight concrete can easily be produced by utilizing natural lightweight aggregate i.e., pumice or perlite aggregate ( ¶ 2). The main advantages to using structural lightweight concrete are increased strength, more flexible and less coefficient of thermal expansion. Disadvantages of Lightweight Concrete Lightweight concrete applications do have certain disadvantages and liabilities, typically having to do with the cabability of the contractor istalling it. John A. DAnnunzio (2003), president of IRT Inc., asserts in the article, New Lightweight Concrete Technology, as with all site installed materials, the quality of the finished product is based on the skill level of the applicator. Lightweight concrete has additional constraints because the success of the system is based on the proper mix ratio (p. 2). One of the major problems with lightweight concrete is if the lightweight concrete is not mixed properly, it may have empty spaces that can lead to deficient strength. The compressive strength of lightweight concrete come from a foam additive, when it is mixed correctly, this additive molds around the cement which serves as an aggregtae. If the foam additive is not properly mixed, there is a probability of foam collapse, which weakens the products compressive strength (DAnnunzio, 2003, p. 2). One of the factors that leads to lightweight concrete failing is the mixing process is typically done at a jobsite, which may lead to human errors. Concrecel USA has developed pumping equipment that percisley weighs the ingredients and accurately mixes the foam and cement, to elimante the problem of human error. Table 1 depicts the advantages and disadvantages of lightweight concrete. Table 1: Lightweight Concrete Advantages/Disadvantages(Ismail, Fathi Manaf, 2003, p. 8). Advantages of Lightweight Concrete Disadvantages of Lightweight Concrete Quick and relatively simple construction Very sensitive with water content in the mixtures Economical in terms of transportation as well as reduction in manpower Difficult to place and finish because of the porosity and angularity of the aggregate. In some mixes the cement mortar may separate the aggregate and float towards the surface. Significant reduction of overall weight in saving structural frames, footing or piles High Performance Fiber Reinforced Lightweight Concrete Typical lightweight concrete is weaker than traditional weight concrete. It is critical to improve the strength of lightweight concrete in order to promote it for use for structural applications. Bengi Arisoy, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University, Bornova, Turkey and Hwai-Chung Wu (2008), Advanced Infrastructure Materials Laboratory, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Wayne State University, Milwakee, explain in the journal article, Material characteristics of high performance lightweight concrete reinforced with PVA, with a much higher ductility high performance fiber reinforced lightweight concrete (HPFRLWC) becomes superior to regular concrete because of elimination of sudden catastrophic failure of otherwise brittle concrete. Ductility results from imposed crack resistance due to bridging fibers (Theoretical background section,  ¶ 1). The researchers found that fiber reinforced lightweight concrete, when made with lightweigh ag gregates and air entraining agent, displays strain hardening by the addition of 1.5% fiber volume fraction. By adding about 10-20% fine cement substitute such as fly ash and silica fume, it improves both ductility and flexural strength. Improvement of high performance FRLWC may be summarized as follows: 50-150 times (5000-15000%) increase in flexural displacement (ductility) at ultimate load than plain lightweight concrete, 50-250% increase in ultimate flexural strength than plain lightweight concrete, 30-65% decrease in weight than normal weight concrete (Arisoy Wu, 2003, Conclusion section,  ¶ 1). Proper Mixing Methods The concrete mixture design, especially for lightweight concrete, has stressed compressive strength, and also the durability of the concrete. Chao-Lung Hwang Department of Construction Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taiwan and Meng-Feng Hung (2005), Department of Civil Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taiwan assert in the journal article, Durability design and performance of self-consolidating lightweight concrete, ACI 318 structure code stresses both the maximum w/cm ratio to highlight the usage of pozzolanic material, and the minimum 28-day compressive strength to guarantee construction safety while considering durability of normal weight concrete ( ¶ 2). If a concrete structure cracks or become porous, it is more sustable to be subjective to harsh outside elements, such as acid rain and seawater, that may lead to its deterioration and the quality of a structure. Lightweight aggregate has a porous feature, because of that its compressive strength is typically low and the capacity it has for absorpution is fairly high. Hence, it needs large amount of cement paste to achieve suitable workability and designed compressive strength. This may violate the durability requirement of normal weight concrete as mentioned ( ¶ 4). Because the porous aggregate reduces the density of the lightweight aggregate concrete (LWC) and because it fractures easily when mixed, it is critical to design the LWC with increased strength and durability. In various field conditions, lightweigh concretes, in regards to carbonation performance, have typically performed adequately. T.Y. Lo, W.C. Tang and A. Nadeem (2008), all with the Department of Building and Construction, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, explain in the journal article, Comparison of carbonation of lightweight concrete with normal weight concrete at similar strength levels, some field investigations on the carbonation performance of LWC in ships and bridges at exposure age from 15 to 43 years, compressive strength from 23 to 35 MPa and density from 1650 to 1820 kg/m3 have been reported (Carbonation of lightweightà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦section,  ¶ 1). The depth of carbonation in these structures varied in regards to exposure conditions, density and strength, and was typically less than 10 mm. What effect moisture content, porosity and cement to water ratio have on the limits of carbonation, have been studied by researchers. For example, Swenson and Sereda, prominent researchers found that the moisture content in lightweight concrete, whether high or low, was not favorable to rapid carbonation. Swamy and Jiang found that carbonation was higher for concrete with higher total porosity at a given water to cement ratio. Bilodeau et al. attributed the low carbonation in high strength LWC to low water to cement ratio (Lo, Tang Nadeem, 2008, Carbonation of lightweightà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦section,  ¶ 2). Finally, Gunduz and Ugur analysed the carbonation of pumice aggregate lightweight concrete and expressed the carbonation was lessened when the aggregate to cement ratio of lowered. Volcanic Pumice This one is way over my head need to add a little from 8-next page 80 in raw research Pumice, a natural material, comes from volcanos when gases are released and the lava solidifies. Khandaker M. A. Hossain, Associate Professor in the Department of Civil Engineering at Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada and Mohamed Lachemi (2007), a Canada Research Chair in Sustainable Construction and a Professor in the Department of Civil Engineering at Ryerson University, both ACI members, assert in the journal publication, Mixture Design, Strength, Durability, and Fire Resistance of Lightweight Pumice Concrete, world pumice production was 14.4 million metric tones Mt in 2004. Globally, Italy remains the dominant producer of pumice, with production estimated to be 4.6 Mt per year ( ¶ 3). Pumice is mainly used an an aggregate in lightweight building block and other building products. Volcanic pumice (VP) has been utlizied as an aggregate in producing lightweight concrete. Pumice has been used for builing over 2000 years, especially in Rome and Europe where many pumice structures are still standing to this day. Lightweight concrete made with pumice and pozzolanic cement with volcanic ash/lime (developed in Mexico by the Totonacas) has survived more than 2000 years and provides an example of a low strength concrete and very long-term performance (Hossain Lachemi, 2007,  ¶ 4). Using pumice and perlite as additives has been found to supply increased resistance to the freezing and thawing of concrete, cement pastes and mortar.

A Motherly Role-the Joy Luck C :: essays research papers

A Motherly Role   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A reoccurring theme in Amy Tan’s novels is mother-daughter relationships. In each of her three novels she represents different roles of the mother and the effects of each; The Joy Luck Club depicts mothers living through daughters, The Kitchen God’s Wife portrays mother teaching daughter through past experience, and finally The Hundred Secret Senses displays non-existence of the mother in the relationship.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This excerpt from The Joy Luck Club shows what kinds of things, from real accomplishments to the uncontrollable features of nature.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Auntie Lin and my mother were both best friends and arch-enemies who spent a lifetime   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  comparing their children. I was one month older than Waverly Jong, Auntie Lin’s prized   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  daughter. From the time we were babies, our mothers compared the creases in our belly   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  buttons, how shapely our earlobes were, how fast we healed after we scraped our knees,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  how thick and dark our hair was, how many shoes we wore out in one year, and later,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  how smart Waverly was at playing chess, how many trophies she had won last month,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  how many cites she had visited† (27).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jing-Mei, the piano player in The Joy Luck Club, felt the most pressure from her mother, because her mother had to follow behind the word of the prodigy in town. ‘â€Å"Of course you can be a prodigy, too ’† Jing-Mei’s mother, Suyuan, tells her after receiving the news of Waverly, the chess prodigy (141). The expectations for Jing-Mei have heighten now that her mother’s friend’s daughter has been held in such a spotlight, as to be called a prodigy. Suyuan takes it upon herself to make her daughter rise above the accomplishments of her peers, and prove to the mothers their family is high in the running competition, whether Jing-Mei approves or disapproves. Suyuan decides that with piano lessons she and her daughter will rise above Lindo and Waverly. Jing-Mei only sees tedious lessons and hours of practice, but her mother envisions proudly sharing success stories between friends, comparing and convincing other mothers that he r daughter, Jing-Mei, was indeed the best.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Every detail and aspect of their lives were picked out an compared and for the one daughter that lost these comparisons, a lowered self-image was the result. Jing-Mei never believed in herself, because she felt, since her childhood, she had failed her mother.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"In the years that followed, I failed her so many times, each time asserting my own will,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  my right to fall short of expectations.

Code Of Conduct A Set

They can be counted up to 3, if they get a 3 they eave to go for a time out In another classroom to reflect on their behavior and actions. They spend a minute for each year of their age In time out. – Attendance policy – rewards are given for the children that attend school every day for the year. Each child that attends school every day for a term gets a certificate home. There is also a class attendance award which is given every Friday to the class who had the best attendance the previous week. – Ann-bullying policy: all children know school's take a zero tolerance attitude towards bulling.Any child found to bullying will be dealt with according to the school's policy. 1. 2 All staff in the school must be made aware of all the policies and procedures in place. They must follow each one if necessary. All staff should be consistent with the way they carry out the policies and procedures to ensure the children respond positively, if there Is Inconsistency within the behavior managing then It Is likely that pupil learning will suffer. Pupils should know of the rewards policy and the discipline policy and should know the consequences of their actions and behavior.All staff, whether it be support staff, midday supervisors or senior members of staff should all have the same status when disciplining a child. They should all follow the same steps and reach the same outcome (time out). This will give the pupils better and clearer boundaries for them to follow. Encouraging and rewarding positive behavior lets the children know and reminds them that their behavior is noticed and accounted for. Some children may get the impression that more emphasis is on the bad behavior because that may be what is pointed out more often.Giving the incentive of a reward gives motivation to do well, but also reassurance that It's not only bad behavior that gets the teachers attention. Whilst It's Important to reward all children It Is also equally, If not more Import ant to reward and encourage those children who tend to be told off more than the others. This may be down to a medical condition they have, but to ensure they don't feel victimized or singled out, their positive behavior needs rewarding. Research shows that for every negative thing we do, we need 6 positives to cancel out the negative.We need to be careful not to purely focus on the negatives all the time as some times this can happen when things become busy and unreasoned. Children will learn that reward, they will register the feeling they get when praised and will want that feeling again; so consequently will continue to behave well in order to be praised. 3. 2 Sometimes you will find yourself in a situation where to have to deal with someone's behavior or discipline them without having prior experience, this problem should be raised with someone who is more experienced than you and they will be able to vive you advice on what to do.Whilst you may be experienced enough or feel co nfident enough to deal with problems on your own, there are some situations where other members of staff should be present. These include: – When pupils are a danger to themselves and/or anyone around them – If you are dealing with a pupil whose behavior is unpredictable and you don't feel comfortable on your own – If you aren't in control of a situations and/or pupil aren't following your instructions – If the incident is serious enough to need the involvement of a senior member of staff.Depending on the severity of the situation and the pupil's involved you may need to refer to different members of staff. Sometimes it may Just be support from another member of staff (for example if you need to team teach a child), but in other cases you may need specialist support. These are the people within school who can give specialist support: ESSENCE or supervisor, other teachers or support staff and Head Teacher or Deputy Head. There are also people outside of th e school who can give specialist support. There include: behavior unit, educational psychologists and councilors.

How effectively do the functional areas in Lex Transfleet work together Essay

Marketing and sales function Purpose of the marketing function: the marketing function makes sure that they are getting the right product to the right people at the right price. Crucial to the success of Lex Transfleet or any business. One of the objectives of Lex Transfleet is to To carry out research to improve its products and services. Lex Transfleet should make sure of the following: Product – finding out and producing what the customer’s wants, for example what van or truck rental services the customers need. Lex Transfleet will carry out research to find out what the customers want and what demand there is for that service and they will try to fulfil that so that they have more customers who are interested in their services. Price – Fixing the price at which the customers will buy the product so that when the customers are interested in the products and different services they will want to know how much money they will be giving for this product or service and it will be easier for Lex Transfleet as they will know the price for this because they have already set it. Promotion – Deciding how they are going to promote their product using advertising, publicity and special offers and when Lex Transfleet does this they will attract more customers and their company will get more famous. Place – This is where the sales function comes in, the sales function will help Lex Transfleet decide on where and how they are going to sell the product; whether it is locally, nationally, over the phone or the internet. I think they work quiet affectively together because they share an improvement which means they get each others opinions on how to change things to make them better. Sales is the last part of the marketing strategy which means to sell the product after the prices, promoting, places and products are all don’t and updated so the customers will be satisfied knowing that Lex Transfleet is giving them a good secure and safe product it is important that these things are accurate because they are the main reason the business is up and running without them there is no business. Products and the Customers Lex Transfleet will need to get to know their customer and what the customer wants for example a customer will want to hire out a truck but for that Lex Transfleet will need to know what kind of a truck or van that is an check if they do them type of trucks. A customer – a customer is a person who buys a product for e.g. someone comes to Lex Transfleet and hires out a truck the person who hires it is the customer. A consumer – Is the person that uses the product for example if a truck is hired out for someone else to drive it he/she is then known as the consumer. Consumer types: The market is made up of different types of consumers as it has different segments trying to sell the product to everyone will not work for example selling expensive products to poor people. Consumers can be classified by: Age Gender Wealth and income Geographical area Lifestyle (fashion and taste) Lex Transfleet carries out a research into people, businesses and the governments to find out what type of vans, trucks and services they require. They link this with the finance function to get finance to carry out the research and advertising. They also link this with the Human resources to get the employees as they recruit and select people and researchers to carry out the research and get HR to train them for example induction training. The wages are paid by the finance function to pay for researchers and this means it is then auditable because it is recorded and so all the functional areas can work together to meet the aims and objectives effectively. Market research involves field (primary) and desk (secondary) research: Primary research – this involves communicating directly with the consumer to find out what they exactly it is that they need. Lex Transfleet carry out questionnaires and they invite customers to their business to interview them and this is what helps them with their research to meet there customers needs better. Lex Transfleet can also give loyalty cards which records every item bought by the customer. Secondary Research: Involves publish material for example reference books, statistics and marketing reports by specialist companies. This allows the marketing and sales department to find out information about consumers income and expenditure. Government publications also have information about spending, population changes, household information and family income. Pricing The price of the truck rental service needs to be fixed in Lex Transfleet and the reason for this is because Lex Transfleet wants to: Make profit – Lex Transfleet wants to cover the cost of it trucks so it does not make a loss in the business. Beating competition – Lex Transfleet will want other businesses to rent the trucks from them instead of competitors by keeping prices low and maximising sales which will attract more customers to come and buy trucks and other services from them. Providing a quality product or service – Lex Transfleet will need to make sure it is not undercharging for its services and products because customer will pay high prices for better products so this also means they will not have any loss in the profit. Lex Transfleet has also changed its name to RAC plc as it is branded and it will attract more customers. Promoting the product The Promotion Process involves the following which Lex Transfleet does: Advertising – informing the public or other businesses about Lex Transfleets products and services, e.g. they use the internet, newspapers. Branding – Lex Transfleet makes sure they create an image of the product or service in an attractive way Lex Transfleet has changed it name recently to ‘RAC’. Having a logo to and image to persuade customers to use them. Packaging – Lex Transfleet presents the product in an attractive way so the trucks have M.O.T and are safe and practical to use. Publicity – in the media which mean special promotions and sponsor which Lex Transfleet have on their website. Lex Transfleet have had good publicity in the news paper and press so get positive image. Give special offers to big companies who rent lots of trucks and for longer. They do have a website which they are on http://www.lvl.co.uk/vans/van_info/lex_transfleet.php giving promotion to subscribe to a van and light truck magazine. Place Involves selling the product for example selling the vans and truck rental services all over the U.K and they have a website which can attract customers. Lex Transfleet sell truck rental services directly to the customer which is safe. Lex Transfleet will give customers a quote through their internet using online bookings or emailing them and over the phone. Lex Transfleet uses telesales for selling to the customer over the phone so they will need call centre staff. Direct mail which Lex Transfleet uses to send their brochures out the businesses. E-commerce Lex Transfleet sell their services over the internet through their website you have to email them first to get a quote Lex Transfleet uses ICT in the marketing and sales function for: advertising and website, keeping customer’s profiles on the system, online marketing and also finding out research on their competitors by looking at the internet and other websites. Human Resources Function Purpose of the human resources function: Deals with hiring, firing and well being of the staff and all other functions for example sales and marketing, administration and finance ect. So it can run effectively. In Lex Transfleet they will need to deal with: Recruitment of staff which means that Lex Transfleet will need to be advertising vacancies liaise with finance for costs and payment, how many people to recruit. Disciplining and dismissing staff in other functions to run smoothly and to reduce costs. Training and development and promoting of staff which will liaise with finance for cost of training and other functional areas to check who needs training for example in Lex Transfleet induction and health and safety or other courses are taken place for this and if someone is in the sales and marketing function they will need training to do the job properly. Maintaining good working conditions of the staff and Health and safety in Lex Transfleet. Looking after employee and the business relationship and liaising with other functional areas like sales and marketing to find out how well the staff in Lex Transfleet are doing and rewarding staff by giving pay rises and liaise with finance about budget to give pay rises. Dealing with employee organisation for example the trade unions. The employees and the business have rights and responsibilities and Human Resources have to deal with this and make sure staff is aware of this in Lex Transfleet. Interest of employees protected by the trade union and by staff associations and also the rights of the employees protected by the employment laws liaise functional areas to make sure there is a safe working environment in Lex Transfleet. Everything is recorded so the employee will know if they have made any mistakes and need to improve or they have met their needs. Operations and management function Purpose of the management function: This function transforms the business resources into products and services for example operations which is the production of a goods or service. Land machinery – Lex Transfleet needs to find land, offices, call centres, machinery or equipment required and need to get information from other functions to get the right amount. Machinery equipment – Lex Transfleet has software, computers, photocopiers which the business needs. People who work there and for the business – call centre staff, mangers, supervisors, operator’s consultants, accountants, specialists, solicitors. Materials and stock used by the business – trucks that are brought, truck parts, stationary, computers, software. Factors of production Land – the offices , buildings Labour- the people who work there Capital –the money invested into the business Enterprise –the input of the entrepreneur The resources used by Lex Transfleet will have to be paid for. This results on costs for the business for example wages, rent, rates, materials, stock, electricity, phone bills all of these have to be dealt with the finance department. When operations in Lex Transfleet are trying to produce a product or service it will have to look at its costs to manufacture that item or service and it will have to make sure that the sales department will cover the day to day costs and the greater the added value the greater the possible profit. So the more money they get from sales and they take away that from the running cost they get profit. Efficiency and productivity Efficiency means – making the most for the resources for example good productivity by the staff and also the number of sales made by staff in Lex Transfleet or the number of calls taken by the employee. Some employees paid a bonus for selling more services and also to motivate them to make more sales for Lex Transfleet. Quality assurance – quality assurance is very important as it means more returns to the businesses. Quality control of a service or product is very important for feedback to the marketing department. Operation check with sales as they monitor the calls and make sure the quality of service is very good. Sales liaise with Human Resources to give training to customers in Lex Transfleet. Operations liaise with Human resources to give training operation staff. Operations also monitor number of complaint and reasons for complaint to minimise this and improve services better by liaising with sales team to find out what their customer views are as they are in the front line and dealing with customers on a regular basis. Operations liaise with marketing to get information about customer demand, competitor information and lots more. Operations also check with sales function to check which items/services are selling more to make decision about producing more or less of these goods or services and then contacting the marketing function to either advertise more or less. Operations will liaise with finance to buy more or less to expand and liaise with Hr to get more staff. Finance Function Purpose of the finance function: To control inflow and outflow of money in the business and is also closely involved in the production of goods or services and links in with other functions of the business and senior management. Finance department Other functional areas Sales of products have to be recorded Sales Cost relating to the production have to be recorded Money has to be raised for producing the services and products (sales staff, trucks, offices) Operations/production Bills have to be paid Administration Wages have to paid Human resources Accounts have to be kept to calculate profit and loss All departments above Financial planning reports have to prepared Senior management In Lex Transfleet the finance department looks like this the table below shows this as the finance director. Finance director Financial accounting Costing and budgeting Managing finance Payroll Recording transactions Keeping accounts Preparing reports for the senior management Working out the cost of the product and services. Interpreting past costs and income Setting targets for cost and income Working out what resources are needed Raising capital and loan to finance the resources Rescoring hours worked by employees Calculating pay and deducting tax Financial accounting All transactions have to be recorded. Sales of the products and services from the sales department so they are auditable as they are recorded. Purchases made for stock or material from the operations department again so it’s recorded. Each type of expense for example electricity, bill rent, and wages are from the administration department. Wages is the information collected from the Human resources function so employees are paid on time and correct. Debtors are people who owe the business money for example the customers who have brought a product and still haven’t given the money for it. Creditors are people whom the business owes money for example if Lex Transfleet has brought something from somewhere e.g. a truck then they owe the money to the suppliers if they haven’t yet paid for it. Accounting ICT used to records all the transaction and special accounting software used to records wages. Financial statement is produced for management and this shows profit and loss and also, helps management monitor the main aims and objectives of the business the information on financial statements are on computer databases and so computers prepare the accounts automatically Finance produce 2 main accounts: Profit and loss shows sales figures form the sales functions, expenses from all functions and then can calculate the profit. The balance sheet shows how much the business owns and owes. Costing and budgeting this is how the function works together: Operations tell the finance of the cost of raw material purchased, for example trucks, tyres, equipment purchased by Lex Transfleet. The cost of paying the wages for the employees working for Lex Transfleet which the human resources function will let them know about. Other expenses such as: Bills which are the costs from administrations function. Electricity, water, rates, stationary are also in the administrations function. Advertising , promoting the business – sales and marketing function and they communicate with administration function so the suppliers are paid on time. The Finance function has to liaise with other functional areas to calculate the costs for making the product and service to ensure that there is a sufficient finance to cover the costs and also the business is making the most of efficient use of its resources. Budgeting Finance has to set budgets there are two kinds of budgets, a sales budget I used to forecast the income of the business from sales, and a production budget which is used to plan for the cost for producing the service for example cost for buying trucks and hiring people. Both Budgets will monitor the actual figures with forecasted and if the figures do not match for examples sales figures then they will liaise sales function to change their forecast or with marketing to advertise and promote the services better. Raising finance are the Long term finance needs which are used for investing in premises, trucks, machinery, computers and lots more, and theirs short term needs which is like buying stock for example trucks, paying bills, and paying wages. Finance has to raise money for the other functions such as marketing, sales, operation and administration to finance their expenditure so that the activities can takes place to meet Lex Transfleets aims and objectives. Payroll Works out pay and deduction of tax and national insurance of its employees and it gets it information from the Human Resources function and it is done by computers in Lex Transfleet as it is a large Plc and also uses computer payroll programmes as they are faster and very accurate., so the employees are happy as they will be being paid properly and accurately. Administration Function Purpose of the administration function: Administration is making sure that the right resources are in the right place at the right time. The administration function makes the business run smoothly and makes sure that: Paper in the photocopiers Paper in the loo Premises are safe Telephone messages are passed on Administration and communication: Information and messages such as enquiries, orders, complaints from external sources. Callers with or without appointment will call in and different functions will communicate with each their for the day to day running of the business these methods include paper, documents, telephone, fact, internal email and meeting. If finance needs to meet with operation function to make decisions the administration function will arrange it for example if a customer wants a meeting with the sales team the administration function will arrange it. The marketing function is done by: Sales so that they get records of customers, finance so they get to process accounts and payroll. Opening and distributing post when it arrives to all other functions and collecting and stamping the post going out at the end if the day from all other functions. Operating and telephone switchboard which means transferring these calls to the relevant people in other functions. Dealing with callers to premises and directing them to the relevant functions. Designing and printing forms for all the different functions and also filling and database maintenance and making sure the premises are clean and secure: Cleaning can be outsourced in Lex Transfleet which means using external companies which come and carry this out so the place is clean and safe for employees and visitors.